CHAPTER 5a Sampling Effort and Collection Methods: Stormwater Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers
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چکیده
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................224 Experimental Design: Sampling Number and Frequency.............................................................224 Sampling Plans .....................................................................................................................225 Factorial Experimental Designs ...........................................................................................227 Number of Samples Needed to Characterize Conditions....................................................231 Determining the Number of Samples Needed to Identify Unusual Conditions .................243 Number of Samples Needed for Comparisons between Different Sites or Times .............244 Need for Probability Information and Confidence Intervals ...............................................245 Data Quality Objectives (DQO) and Associated QA/QC Requirements......................................247 Quality Control and Quality Assurance to Identify Sampling and Analysis Problems......247 Identifying the Needed Detection Limits and Selecting the Appropriate Analytical Method..................................................................................................................................252 General Considerations for Sample Collection .............................................................................254 Basic Safety Considerations When Sampling .....................................................................255 Selecting the Sampling Locations........................................................................................256 Sampler and Other Test Apparatus Materials ......................................................................260 Volumes to Be Collected, Container Types, Preservatives to Be Used, and Shipping of Samples ............................................................................................................................263 Personnel Requirements .......................................................................................................275 Receiving Water, Point Source Discharge, and Source Area Sampling .......................................278 Automatic Water Sampling Equipment ...............................................................................278 Manual Sampling Procedures ..............................................................................................289 Source Area Sampling..........................................................................................................297 Sediment and Pore Water Sampling ..............................................................................................313 Sediment Sampling Procedures............................................................................................313 Interstitial Water and Hyporheic Zone Sampling ................................................................326 Summary: Basic Sample Collection Methods...............................................................................336 References ......................................................................................................................................338
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